Literature Analysis on The Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adolescents and Young Adults. A review study

Abstract

Background: Diabetes is a significant global health concern characterized by persistent hyperglycemia that leads to severe complications with time, including damaging cardiovascular system, kidneys, nerves, and eyes. Among its major types—Type 1, Type 2, and gestational—Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly affecting adolescents and young adults due to lifestyle-related factors. Objectives: This study investigates the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) among adolescents and young adults, focusing on the relationship between obesity and T2DM, specifically concerning sedentary behavior, unhealthy dietary practices, and inadequate physical activity. Methods: A thorough literature search was performed utilizing the PubMed (MEDLINE) and EMBASE databases. The keywords used were “Diabetic,” “Prevalence,” “Indian Population,” “Young Population,” and “Adolescents.” Articles published between 2010, and March 2024 were considered for review. Results: An upward trend in early-onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has been noted, especially in India, where the estimated number of diabetic individuals was 77 million in 2019. Projections indicate an increase to 101 million by 2030 and 134 million by 2045. Among the population studied, 46.6% were overweight and 22.9% were obese. The rise in T2DM is paralleled by an increase in obesity, especially in regions like Pacific Island nations and parts of Europe. Conclusion: There is a growing need for large-scale, focused research on the rising incidence of T2DM among the youth. Early preventive strategies including awareness campaigns, healthy lifestyle promotion, and physical activity encouragement are essential to mitigate the global burden of diabetes in young populations.