Screening Models and Evaluation Techniques for Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: From Animal Studies to Clinical Applications

Abstract

Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are vital in anesthesia and critical care, enabling muscle relaxation, facilitating intubation, and optimizing mechanical ventilation. However, their use requires precise monitoring to prevent complications such as prolonged paralysis and respiratory distress. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various screening and evaluation models for NMBAs, encompassing unanesthetized, anesthetized, and in vitro animal models, along with human clinical assessments. Traditional models such as nerve-muscle preparations, phrenic nerve-diaphragm assays, and electromyographic studies are discussed alongside recent advancements in in vitro systems and computational simulations. These emerging approaches enhance understanding of NMBA pharmacodynamics, improve patient safety, and support personalized medicine through predictive analytics. By integrating experimental and computational insights, this article highlights evolving strategies to optimize NMBA efficacy, ensure accurate dosing, and minimize adverse outcomes, contributing to advancements in perioperative and critical care pharmacology.