The Role Of Biochemical And Morphological Changes In The Development Of Pectus Carinatum In Children

Abstract

Background: Pectus carinatum is a congenital deformity of the anterior chest wall characterized by abnormal protrusion of the sternum and costal cartilages. Despite extensive research, the etiology and pathogenesis of the deformity remain insufficiently understood.Objective: To summarize and systematize current literature data on the biochemical and morphological mechanisms involved in the development of pectus carinatum in children.Methods: A comprehensive review of published studies focusing on structural, biochemical, and genetic alterations of costal cartilage in patients with pectus carinatum was conducted.Results: Literature data suggest that changes in collagen composition, abnormalities of glycosaminoglycans, impaired water-binding capacity, altered biomechanical properties, and disturbances in connective tissue metabolism contribute to reduced cartilage strength. Evidence also indicates that genetic factors, connective tissue dysplasia, and abnormalities in collagen cross-linking play a significant role in the formation of the deformity. Morphological studies reveal ultrastructural alterations of chondrocytes, extracellular matrix disruption, and premature aging characteristics of costal cartilage.Conclusion: The development of pectus carinatum is associated with complex biochemical and morphological alterations of costal cartilage, combined with genetic predisposition and connective tissue abnormalities. Modern high-resolution analytical methods are required to further clarify the underlying mechanisms and to improve diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.