Emerging Horizons in Acne Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Conventional and Novel Anti-Acne Drugs

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a multicausal skin disorder influenced by excess sebum production, follicular hyper keratinization, Cutibacterium acnes proliferation, and inflammation. Until recently, standard treatments have remained the mainstay of therapy, which includes topical retinoid, benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics, hormonal agents, and  many of which have their use severely limited due to side effects, antibiotic resistance, and lack of patient compliance. Recent advances include the utilization of novel drug delivery systems such as liposomes, ethosomes, and nanoparticles that enhance drug penetration while minimizing systemic exposure. Biologics, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, and phytochemical-based formulations are newer, promising, targeted, and safer alternatives. This review comprehensively discusses traditional and next-generation anti-acne agents, focusing on their mode of action, therapeutic potential, and clinical efficacy, with emphasis on current challenges and future directions toward personalized, sustainable, and patient-friendly acne management.