The Potential Role of Rotavirus Infection in Triggering Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: A Case Study from Jordan

Abstract

Background: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by premature destruction of red blood cells due to autoantibodies. Viral infections, including rotavirus, have been suggested as potential triggers for AIHA.

Aims: This study aims to report a pediatric case of AIHA following rotavirus gastroenteritis in Jordan and to explore the potential association between rotavirus infection and autoimmune mechanisms.

Methods: We present a detailed case study of a child diagnosed with AIHA after rotavirus gastroenteritis. Clinical presentation, laboratory findings, treatment, and outcomes were reviewed, and relevant literature was analyzed to contextualize the findings.

Results: The patient exhibited severe anemia with laboratory confirmation of AIHA alongside concurrent rotavirus infection. Management with corticosteroids and supportive transfusions resulted in clinical improvement. Literature review highlighted potential immunopathogenic mechanisms, including molecular mimicry and immune dysregulation.

Conclusion: Rotavirus infection may act as a trigger for AIHA in children. Clinicians should consider viral etiologies when diagnosing pediatric AIHA. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and inform prevention strategies.