Descriptive Analysis of Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases: Patterns, Treatment Approaches, and Barriers to Effective Chronic Disease Management

Abstract

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These chronic conditions often coexist and share common risk factors, contributing significantly to healthcare burdens, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. A descriptive analysis of their prevalence, treatment patterns, and barriers to management provides essential insight for health policy and service optimisation. Objective: This study aimed to analyse demographic and clinical patterns, treatment modalities, and healthcare challenges among patients and professionals managing T2DM, hypertension, and CVDs. Methods: A cross- sectional, descriptive study was conducted among 386 participants including healthcare professionals, policymakers, and pharmaceutical industry personnel. A validated questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics, professional experience, disease types, treatment regimens, and perceived barriers. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and visualised through 3D bar graphs. Results: The majority of patients were male (59%) and aged between 46– 60 years. Type 2 Diabetes was the most prevalent condition (46.1%), followed by hypertension (34.2%) and other CVDs (19.7%). Metformin, ACE inhibitors, and statins were commonly prescribed. Key barriers identified included high treatment costs, poor access to specialised care, lack of awareness of health schemes, and limited patient education. Systemic issues such as policy delays and medication stock-outs further hampered care. Conclusion: Comprehensive strategies addressing financial, infrastructural, educational, and systemic gaps re essential for improving chronic disease management and promoting equitable healthcare delivery.