Analyzing the Link Between Social Determinants (Income, Education, and Housing) and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review
Keywords:
Social determinants of health, socioeconomic status, income inequality, education, housing, health disparities, life expectancy, multimorbidity, mental health, public health equity.Abstract
Background: Social determinants of health (SDOH)—including income, education, and housing—play a crucial role in shaping physical, psychological, and social well-being across populations. Despite growing attention to these determinants, substantial disparities persist globally.
Objectives: This systematic review aimed to synthesize empirical evidence on how income, educational attainment, and housing conditions influence health outcomes, including mortality, life expectancy, multimorbidity, and psychological well-being.
Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, eleven peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025 were analyzed. Eligible studies included adult populations and quantitatively examined associations between socioeconomic variables and health outcomes. Data were extracted on study design, population characteristics, exposures, and main results. A narrative synthesis was conducted to account for methodological heterogeneity.
Results: Findings revealed consistent, significant associations between socioeconomic disadvantage and poorer health outcomes. Individuals with low income or education faced up to 14.7 years lower life expectancy, higher chronic disease burden, and elevated psychological distress. Renters had a 22% greater risk of all-cause mortality compared to homeowners. Cumulative disadvantage across SDOH intensified risks for multimorbidity, hospitalization, and premature mortality.
Conclusions: Socioeconomic inequalities remain strong predictors of health outcomes worldwide. Structural interventions addressing income stability, access to quality education, and affordable housing are essential for achieving health equity. Policies integrating SDOH metrics into health systems can enhance preventive strategies and reduce systemic disparities in well-being.
