Non-Invasive bio- sensors for continuous and glucose and vital monitoring: The future of chronic disease management
Keywords:
Non-invasive glucose monitoring, Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), Wearable biosensors, Electrochemical sensors, Digital health, Diabetes management, Artificial intelligence, Sensor accuracy, Sweat-based sensors, Raman spectroscopy, Data overload, Regulatory challenges.Abstract
The global rise in chronic diseases, particularly diabetes, demands innovative, patient-friendly monitoring systems to improve disease management and outcomes. Non-invasive biosensors, especially wearable technologies, offer a promising alternative to traditional blood-based glucose monitoring by enabling continuous, real-time tracking of physiological markers without the discomfort or risks associated with invasive methods. This manuscript explores the current advancements in non-invasive glucose monitoring (NGM) technologies, with a focus on electrochemical, optical, electromagnetic, and sonochemical sensors. Emphasis is placed on transdermal devices that use body fluids like sweat and tears, as well as techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and infrared sensing. The review addresses the shift from semi-invasive Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems (e.g., Dexcom, FreeStyle Libre) to truly non-invasive alternatives under development, such as the MUS-IR and fluorescent-based sensors. Integration with digital health ecosystems through AI and machine learning is highlighted as a key factor in enhancing data analysis, providing personalized feedback, and enabling remote care. However, challenges remain, including sensor sensitivity, environmental interference, data overload, regulatory hurdles, and clinical adoption barriers. Despite these limitations, ongoing research and development in NGM technologies suggest significant potential for transforming diabetes management through painless, accurate, and user-friendly monitoring solutions.
