Experimental Models for Evaluating Learning and Memory: A Neuropharmacological Perspective

Abstract

Learning and memory are essential cognitive processes that rely on complex neuronal interactions and are often impaired in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. To study these mechanisms, a variety of animal models and behavioral paradigms have been developed. This paper reviews exteroceptive and interoceptive models, including mazes, passive and active avoidance tasks, electroshock-induced amnesia, hypoxic stress, and pharmacological assays. These models are widely employed to assess memory acquisition, retention, and retrieval, as well as to evaluate potential therapeutic agents. Understanding such models provides valuable insights into memory processes and offers translational relevance for developing novel treatments for cognitive impairments.