Microplastics in Breastmilk – An Overview

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs), defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, have become pervasive environmental contaminants and are now recognized as emerging threats to human health. Their persistence and widespread distribution have led to exposure through food, water, air, and consumer products. Recent biomonitoring studies have confirmed the presence of Micro plastics in human breastmilk, raising concern about maternal and neonatal exposure during a critical developmental stage. This review summarizes current evidence on the occurrence, pathways, and health implications of Microplastics in breastmilk. Dietary ingestion and inhalation represent major exposure routes, while physicochemical characteristics such as particle size, charge, and hydrophobicity influence systemic absorption and transfer into mammary tissue. Common polymers identified include polypropylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene. Analytical methods such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman microspectroscopy have facilitated detection, though methodological inconsistencies and contamination risks limit data comparability. Experimental studies indicate that Microplastics and their additives may trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, endocrine disruption, and immunotoxicity, with infants being particularly vulnerable. Preventive strategies emphasize reducing plastic use in food packaging, promoting sustainable alternatives, and implementing regulatory frameworks to control environmental plastic pollution. Significant research gaps remain in standardizing analytical protocols, conducting longitudinal human studies, and improving detection technologies for nano-sized particles. Understanding the mechanisms and health implications of microplastic transfer through breastmilk is crucial for developing evidence-based guidelines to safeguard maternal and infant health.