A Comprehensive Review On Biochemical Makeup And Bioactive Components Of Turmeric

Abstract

Turmeric is a perennial herb and belong to family Zingiberaceae. It is well known for its use in cooking and medicine. This review collects recent findings from 2010 to 2025 from Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and Springer databases. It focuses on the chemical profile and biological potential of turmeric. The main bioactive compounds, called curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin), make up 3 to 6% of turmeric, with curcumin being the most researched. Turmeric also contains volatile oils (2 to 7%) like turmerone, zingiberene, and cineole. Additionally, it has polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, proteins, and minerals that contribute to its medicinal properties. Curcumin shows strong anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, cardio protective, and ant diabetic effects. It works through processes such as NF-κB inhibition and ROS scavenging. Recent studies emphasize turmeric's role in managing chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, its effectiveness in clinical settings is limited by poor bioavailability. Recent advances in Nano formulations and delivery systems have improved curcumin's solubility and therapeutic potential. Safety studies confirm that turmeric is safe at doses up to 1.5 g per day with minimal toxicity. Still, special clinical trials are necessary to determine the best dosage and long-term effectiveness. This review highlights turmeric's varied therapeutic potential and the need for ongoing research to make use of its bioactive compounds for medicinal and nutritional purposes.