Study of Incidence, Risk Factors, With Special Reference To Role Of Anemia In The Development Of Retinopathy Of Prematurity

Abstract

Background: ROP, or Retinopathy of Prematurity, is a major cause of avoidable childhood blindness, especially in infants born prematurely or with low birth weights. For prompt diagnosis and treatment, early risk factor identification is crucial.

Methods: To ascertain the incidence and risk variables linked to ROP, a prospective hospital-based study was carried out at SCB Medical College and SVPPGIP, Cuttack, between September 2015 and September 2017. A total of 374 newborns who met the screening requirements were assessed. A total of 124 newborns were included in the final analysis after completing follow-up exams. Risk factors for mothers, newborns, and clinicians were evaluated.

Results: ROP was present in 27.4% of cases overall. ROP development was substantially correlated with lower birth weight and gestational age. Infants with birth weights under 1000 g and gestational ages under 28 weeks had a greater incidence. Prolonged oxygen therapy, apnea, respiratory distress syndrome, and blood transfusion were significant newborn risk factors. Term infants with known risk factors also showed signs of ROP. ROP newborns had decreased mean hemoglobin levels, however anemia by itself was not determined to be a risk factor. While some patients showed spontaneous regression, the majority of cases were Stage I or II ROP, and severe cases needed surgery or laser therapy.

Conclusion: ROP is still a serious health risk for low birth weight and preterm babies. It can also happen to term babies who have risk factors. Significant factors include blood transfusions, oxygen therapy, birth weight, gestational age, and respiratory issues. Early screening, increased provider awareness, and organized follow-up programs are necessary to guarantee prompt treatment and lessen the incidence of avoidable pediatric blindness.