The Impact of Sleep Disorders on the Development of Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

Sleep is an essential physiological function that influences metabolic regulation, endocrine balance, and cardiovascular health. This review examines the multifaceted relationships between various sleep disorders—including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and circadian rhythm disturbances—and the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Drawing from epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies, the article explores how disruptions in sleep quantity and quality contribute to insulin resistance, central obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia through neuroendocrine and inflammatory pathways. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, melatonin secretion, and appetite-regulating hormones such as leptin and ghrelin. Furthermore, the bidirectional nature of the sleep-MetS relationship is discussed, including the impact of MetS on sleep architecture. The review also highlights the public health implications of rising sleep disorders in modern society, and outlines lifestyle, behavioral, and pharmacological interventions aimed at mitigating both sleep-related and metabolic risks. Future research directions are proposed to improve early diagnosis, prevention, and targeted treatment strategies for individuals affected by this comorbidity.