A Systematic Review of Hematopoietic Function and Diagnostic Innovations in Hematology

Abstract

Hematology remains a cornerstone of clinical and laboratory medicine, encompassing the study of blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues, along with disorders that affect their normal physiology. In addition to reviewing the diagnostic advancements that are revolutionising laboratory practice, this systematic review summarises the most recent data on coagulation processes, red and white blood cell physiology, platelet biology, and haematopoietic control. A systematic search for papers published between 2010 and 2025 was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 standards. Studies pertaining to haematopoiesis and diagnostic haematology that were experimental, clinical, or technical were eligible; non-peer-reviewed and non-human studies were not. Following screening and quality evaluation, 152 of the 1,247 found articles satisfied the inclusion requirements. The findings demonstrate that cytokine signalling and genetic regulation continue to play a key role in haematopoietic differentiation, with anaemia and leukaemia being linked to transcription factor dysregulation, specifically that of GATA-1 and RUNX1. Improvements in flow cytometry, molecular profiling, and digital haematology have significantly increased the accuracy of diagnosis and illness classification.Overall, the findings underscore the transformative progress of hematology through molecular science, automation, and bioinformatics integration. These advancements strengthen hematology's critical role in developing contemporary laboratory and clinical medicine by improving diagnostic accuracy and enabling tailored therapy approaches.