Understanding Pharmacological Treatments for Ocular Diseases with Focus on Mechanisms and Adverse Effects

Abstract

Ocular diseases affect individuals across all demographics, with certain populations being more susceptible to specific conditions. Common ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, dry eye disease, thyroid-associated orbitopathy, bacterial keratitis, age-related macular degeneration, and cataracts, pose significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Early detection and appropriate management are crucial to preventing vision loss and complications. The literature search was conducted using five scientific databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed articles and authoritative sources published between 2005 and 2025. The review focused on the mechanisms of action and adverse drug reactions associated with therapeutic agents for common ocular diseases. The review highlights current pharmacological approaches for managing ocular diseases, emphasizing the mechanisms of action underlying therapeutic agents and their impact on disease progression. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms is essential for optimizing treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse drug reactions. Effective management of ocular diseases requires a multifaceted approach involving early detection, patient education on treatment adherence, and innovative therapeutic strategies. This review provides valuable insights for medical students and healthcare professionals to enhance their understanding of clinical pharmacology in ocular disease management.